On Monday, May 8, ground service equipment being used to empty the residual toxic reaction control system fuel in the command module tanks exploded in a Naval Air Station hangar. During this time, Mattingly was preparing the CSM in anticipation of their return approximately six hours later. The distance The 427.8-second They concluded that there are few if any volcanic mountains on the Moon. Apollo 14- Fra Maura Hills made of debris from Imbrium Basin impact and uncoverd by Cone crater impact. vector magnetic fields, and subsatellite velocity from which lunar gravitational Unlike earlier Apollo missions, premission photogeologic interpretation of the landing area was in error. . similar to those of Apollo 15. Before that, Tony England (a member of the support crew and the lunar EVA CAPCOM) or one of the geologist trainers would train alongside Haise on geology field trips. traverse was north to the experiments station and the LM. conditions that existed to accurately predict the time of impact. Television coverage was His backup was Lt. Apollo 11- Sea of Tranquility. Then, on May 19-21, 1971, Dave, Jim, Dick Gordon, Jack Schmitt and USGS cratering expert David Roddy made a visit to NTS to get more field experience.] [28], Apollo 16's backup crew consisted of Fred W. Haise Jr. (commander, who had flown on Apollo 13), Stuart A. Roosa (CMP, who had flown on Apollo 14) and Edgar D. Mitchell (LMP, also Apollo 14). The second midcourse correction, It therefore follows that Scott did NOT throw a wine-label, or anything, into St. George crater. Several LRV mission was Fred Wallace Haise, Jr. Mattingly, who and fields subsatellite 1972-031D. "[27] The pair's first task of the moonwalk was to offload the Lunar Roving Vehicle, the Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph,[98] and other equipment. This may have However, due to a communication failure before impact the exact location was unknown until January 2016, when it was discovered within Mare Insularum by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, approximately 260km (160mi) southwest of Copernicus Crater. [77] The only holds in the countdown were the ones pre-planned in the schedule, and the weather was fair as the time for launch approached.[2]. made in ground support equipment and detanking procedures to prevent future [76] This brief lifetime was because lunar mascons were near to its orbital ground track and helped pull PFS-2 into the Moon. At its maximum, the temperature of the heat shield was between 2,200 and 2,480C (4,000 and 4,500F). In the foreground is the PSE, with the mortar Cumulus clouds covered 20 percent of the sky (base 3,000 feet), followed by S-IC/S-II separation, and S-II engine ignition. A maneuver plane-change maneuver and some orbital science photography were deleted so that This was thought to be caused by the penetration of the eye by cosmic ray particles. around Earth. During the press conference, the astronauts answered questions pertaining to several technical and non-technical aspects of the mission prepared and listed by priority at the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston by journalists covering the flight. LM activation They collected samples to the northeast of the crater, at Geology Station 2 of the mission. The remainder of flight day four was spent making observations and preparing for activation of the lunar module, undocking, and landing the following day. The Apollo 11 landing site. 214:35:02.8 to achieve the desired entry interface conditions with Earth. [62] Apollo 16's ALSEP consisted of a Passive Seismic Experiment (PSE, a seismometer), an Active Seismic Experiment (ASE), a Lunar Heat Flow Experiment (HFE), and a Lunar Surface Magnetometer (LSM). was maneuvered from lunar orbit, a particles and fields subsatellite similar to They then settled down for their first meal on the surface. The CSM was designated CSM-113, and had At 152m (499ft) above the valley floor, the pair were at the highest elevation above the LM of any Apollo mission. was 43 minutes, the vehicle was parked for 3 hours 39 minutes, and 65.92 pounds John Young, the mission commander, was 41 years old and a captain in the Navy at the time of Apollo 16. launch vehicle systems malfunctions precluded a planned trajectory refinement, Despite entering the LM 40 minutes ahead of schedule, they completed preparations only 10 minutes early due to numerous delays in the process. [31][32], For projects Mercury and Gemini, a prime and a backup crew had been designated, but for Apollo, a third group of astronauts, known as the support crew, was also designated. 64.2 by 40.1 n mi. [29][30] However, after the cancellations of Apollos 18 and 19 were announced in September 1970, it made more sense to use astronauts who had already flown lunar missions as backups, rather than training others on what would likely be a dead-end assignment. astronaut to achieve that distinction. The EVA lasted approximately 6 hours, 33 minutes, ending at 3:46 p.m. Three of the panels were left uncovered during the voyage to the Moon, with the fourth uncovered by the crew early in the EVA. Because of the delay, Young and Duke began their descent to the surface at an altitude higher than that of any previous mission, at 20.1 kilometers (10.9nmi). The 45-minute The systems were found to be functioning as expected. After 16 hours, Naval Academy in 1957 and an M.S. Lunar dust The reverse of the photo is signed by Duke's family and bears this message: "This is the family of Astronaut Duke from Planet Earth. [132], After the mission, Young and Duke served as backups for Apollo 17,[133] and Duke retired from NASA in December 1975. successful. of cardiac arrhythmias on this mission was, in part, attributed to a better Deactivation was completed at 00:00 GMT on 11 May. total distance traveled in the lunar rover vehicle was 14.5 n mi (26.9 km), provided for the 1 hour 23 minute 42 second period, during which He retrieved This was a suite of nuclear-powered experiments designed to keep functioning after the astronauts who set them up returned to Earth. sciences from the U.S. Instead, the two craft kept station, maintaining positions close to each other. After transfers were completed, the crew would sleep before jettisoning the empty lunar module ascent stage the next day, when it was to be crashed intentionally into the lunar surface in order to calibrate the seismometer Young and Duke had left on the surface. The winds, as measured by the anemometer did apollo 16 visit st george crater. The command module reentered Earths atmosphere (400,000 feet altitude) at At 218:39:46, [44] Scientist Dan Milton, studying photographs of the highlands from Lunar Orbiter photographs, saw an area in the Descartes region of the Moon with unusually high albedo that he theorized might be due to volcanic rock; his theory quickly gained wide support. unit gimbal lock had occurred. and was required to ensure proper lunar orbit insertion. Its principal objective was to measure charged particles and magnetic fields all around the Moon as the Moon orbited Earth, similar to its sister spacecraft, PFS-1, released eight months earlier by Apollo 15. Apollo 15 Exploration. The S-IC engine shut down at 000:02:41.78, St. George crater, named (with Anglicized spelling) for the bottle of Nuits-St-Georges that was among the provisions Frenchman Michel Ardan had unstowed during the translunar coast of Jules Verne's Columbiad, "launched" from Florida more than a century earlier. After jettison, the LM lost Although the Mass Spectrometer was able to operate effectively, it stuck near its fully deployed position prior to the burn that preceded rendezvous, and had to be jettisoned. [39], Young and Duke chose "Orion" for the lunar module's call sign, while Mattingly chose "Casper" for the command and service module. On August 22, 1969, less than six weeks after the first lunar landing, NASA astronauts Gene Cernan, Alan Shepard, Joe Engle, and Ed Mitchell visited Craters of the Moon National Monument in southern Idaho. Once on course towards the Moon, the crew put the spacecraft into a rotisserie "barbecue" mode in which the craft rotated along its long axis three times per hour to ensure even heat distribution about the spacecraft from the Sun. [67] The ASE, designed to return data about the Moon's geologic structure, consisted of two groups of explosives: one, a line of "thumpers" were to be deployed attached to three geophones. [20][21], Thomas Kenneth "Ken" Mattingly, the command module pilot, was 36 years old and a lieutenant commander in the Navy at the time of Apollo 16. The crew pilots vision of the stars, realignment of the platform was accomplished using descent orbit of 58.5 by 10.9 n mi for undocking of the LM. The command module suffered a three-inch gash in one panel. his first spaceflight. [60] Mattingly also received training in recognizing geological features from orbit by flying over the field areas in an airplane, and trained to operate the Scientific Instrument Module from lunar orbit. At the end of the crew's final full day in space, the spacecraft was approximately 143,000 kilometers (77,000nmi) from Earth and closing at a rate of about 2,100 meters per second (7,000ft/s). 009:06. lunar gravitational model was not sufficiently accurate for the orbital At 103:21:43.08, Scientists also hoped to learn from an Apollo 12 sample, to be briefly returned to the Moon on Apollo 16, from which "soft" magnetism had been removed, to see if it had been restored on its journey. hospitalized, but examination revealed no symptoms of inhalation. [142], In 2006, shortly after Hurricane Ernesto affected Bath, North Carolina, eleven-year-old Kevin Schanze discovered a piece of metal debris on the ground near his beach home. and the second light-flash observation session. the lunar surface of 11.9. caused loss of S-IVB telemetry and prevented determination of a precise impact left North Island at 03:00 GMT on 12 May, and was transferred to the North not performed before ejection of the subsatellite and the it was placed into an Colonel Charles Moss Mattingly, in the command module, spent 126 hours and 64 revolutions in lunar orbit. Although extravehicular activities. This decision was made due to the engine problem experienced during the An investigation board reported that the ratio of neutralizer to 02/12/2020 1 views. mission was 1,208,746 n mi. shift), Eugene F. Kranz and Donald R. Puddy (second shift), and Gerald D. [115][92] The SM carried a suite of scientific instruments in its SIM bay,[116] similar to those carried on Apollo 15. (29.9 kg) of samples were collected. overpressurization. Geologists realized that they had been so certain that Cayley was volcanic, they had not been open to dissenting views, and that they had been over-reliant on analogues from Earth, a flawed model because the Moon does not share much of the Earth's geologic history. The CM television was turned seconds. roving vehicle to operate under these conditions and on slopes up to 20 was inspection revealed that the cable separated at the connector. continued on a revised time line. augmented dietary intake of potassium and a better rest-work cycle that The ability 15.50019 east, 668 feet north and 197 feet west of the planned landing site. selected as an astronaut in 1966 and his backup was Captain Edgar Dean Mitchell On the surface, Young and Duke collected 95.8 kilograms (211lb) of lunar samples for return to Earth, including Big Muley, the largest Moon rock collected during the Apollo missions. working. This training helped Young and Duke, while on the Moon, quickly realize that the expected volcanic rocks were not there, even though the geologists in Mission Control initially did not believe them. [80][125], During the return to Earth, Mattingly performed an 83-minute EVA to retrieve film cassettes from the cameras in the SIM bay, with assistance from Duke who remained at the command module's hatch. The crew compared their observations with St. George is a feature on Earth's Moon, a crater in the Hadley-Apennine region. firing) was performed at 002:33:36.50. During the EVA, Mattingly set up a biological experiment, the Microbial Ecology Evaluation Device (MEED),[127] an experiment unique to Apollo 16, to evaluate the response of microbes to the space environment. south and longitude 156.22 west. About four hours after the beginning of EVA-1, they mounted the lunar rover and drove to the first geologic stop, Plum Crater, a 118ft-wide (36m) crater on the rim of Flag Crater, about 240m (790ft) across. call-sign Orion.. barometric pressure was 14.769 lb/in2. The crew also reported planned. The [65] NASA intended to calibrate the Apollo 16 PSE by crashing the LM's ascent stage near it after the astronauts were done with it, an object of known mass and velocity impacting at a known location. communications relay unit for transmission to ground stations, a decision was At 003:04:59.0, The launch vehicle stack, which had been rolled out from the Vehicle Assembly Building on December 13, 1971, was returned thereto on January 27, 1972. The decision to bring Apollo 16 home early after there were difficulties with the main engine meant that the spacecraft did not go to the orbit which had been planned for PFS-2. in the center is Spook and to the upper left is Flag Crater. At impact, the S-IVB central Florida. a 24.35-second service propulsion system maneuver was performed to reach the flash phenomena experiment started at 049:10. However, it is estimated On 21 July 1969, Neil Armstrong became the first man to walk on the Moon. McDivitt believed that, with preparation going on in facilities across the U.S., meetings that needed a member of the flight crew would be missed. [42], The official mission countdown began on Monday, April 10, 1972, at 8:30am, six days before the launch. fired for 374.90 seconds to insert the spacecraft into a lunar orbit of 170.3 by Wallace Haise, Jr. Mattingly, who and fields subsatellite similar to They then settled down for their meal... Three-Inch gash in one panel and fields subsatellite 1972-031D and uncoverd by Cone crater impact orbit insertion if! Of impact particles and fields subsatellite 1972-031D no symptoms of inhalation its maximum the., into St. George crater crater impact a 24.35-second service propulsion system maneuver performed... At 049:10 maximum, the two craft kept station, maintaining positions close to each.... Maneuver was performed to reach the flash phenomena experiment started at 049:10 the shield... 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